Martin Oberman, chair of the Surface Transportation Board (STB), charged U.S. railroads with reducing service, raising freight rates, shifting more truckloads onto highways, contributing to global warming while deriving $191 billion in dividends and stock buybacks since 2010.
According to STB data, Oberman explained “Since 2010, the seven Class 1 railroads have spent $138 billion on capital. Most of this is spent on the regular upkeep of the railroads which is essential. Relatively little has been spent on infrastructure needed to expand service and improve service.
Where would rail customers, rail workers and the public be if a meaningful portion of that $191 billion had been re-invested in expanding service and making service more predictable and reliable. Clearly, we would have more freight moved and at a lower rate. We would have more employment with better working conditions and the public would benefit with lower consumer prices, less highway congestion and less polluted air. And all of this could be achieved with the railroad owners continuing to receive a healthy return on their investments.”
Railroads’ Responsibilities
Oberman was addressing the North American Rail Shippers Association (NARS) convention at Chicago.
He argued that forty years of rail deregulation following enactment of the Staggers Act did not absolve U.S. railroads of legal responsibilities. He said that the current state of the railroads may result in an investigation by STB as to whether the railroads have violated the ‘common carrier mandate.’ The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 is a federal law that deregulated the American railroad industry:
“The strategies pursued by the railroad industries as a whole, and it is not the same among all the Class 1s, have serious implications as to whether the ‘common carrier mandate’ is being carried out as intended and as required by statute. This is a subject that may warrant further exploration by the STB.”
According to the Federal Register: “The ‘common carrier’ obligation refers to the statutory duty of railroads to provide “transportation or service on reasonable request.” 49 U.S.C. 11101(a). A railroad may not refuse to provide service merely because to do so would be inconvenient or unprofitable.”
Historically, Oberman said, “Congress recognized … that the railroads … can restrict supply and raise prices. To avoid this outcome, the United States decided long ago the public interest requires some balance between the railroads operating as private profit-making companies … and the public’s interest. This is true because many railroads in various parts of the country have a natural concentration of market power.”
The trends of the past six years, which have coincided with accelerated cost cutting applied to rail operations through Precision Scheduled Railroading (PSR) practices, have raised concerns among shippers and railroad workers about whether railroads had cutback operations so drastically that rail operations have suffered.
This may have benefitted railroad owners but “have not boded well … for the customers, the railroad workers and the public.”
Oberman noted: ”The railroads like to broadcast that freight rates have diminished by 44% since 1980…However, the (Surface Transportation) Board’s calculation have found that railroad rates have fallen only by 27% between 1985 and 2004… the improvements in productivity and inflation adjusted terms largely flowed to shippers in enhanced service and lower rates. But that happy combination came largely to an end in 2004.”
What happened next was “our studies since 2004 have shown that railroad rates have risen by 30% in inflation adjusted terms and traffic peaked on the railroad network in terms of cargo and tonnages in 2006.
To underscore the point: Since 2006, our economy has grown by 50%, nearly $8 trillion dollars of enhanced economic activity… and yet railroads are carrying less freight today than they were carrying in 2006 while rates have gone up. There just might be a connection.”
Not counting coal, the railroads’ market share “compared to trucks peaked in 2002 and total volumes peaked in 2006. Think about that? For the past fifteen years … railroads have lost market share both in absolute and relative terms.”
More Freight By Truck
Oberman said the railroads actions have resulted in more freight going by truck which increases traffic, congestion and has also increased the generation of carbon emissions when freight is moved from more fuel-efficient trains pulled by a few locomotives to trucks which are less fuel efficient and more polluting:
“We know that for every one percent of freight lost by the railroads to trucks it amounts to an extra 5 million tons of C02 dumped into the atmosphere. Yet since 2002, railroads have lost nearly 2% of freight market share to trucks. Again, this is not counting coal ... If railroads had just kept the same share of market, they had in 2002 there would be one million fewer trucks on the highways each year…”
The result: “That means an extra 8.2 million tons of CO2 pumped into the atmosphere annually from this lost growth… Since 2002, over 123 million tons of global warming CO2 has been pumped into our atmosphere just because the railroads chose not to maintain their market share as compared to trucks.
Imagine how much better we would be as a country and as a planet if railroads had not only not lost ground to trucks, but had outgrown trucks in picking up more of the growth in our economy and there would have been a greater cut in CO2 emissions.
This pattern simply cannot be allowed to continue.”
He said many railroad executives would prefer to be more growth oriented and taking market share back from trucking, but the growing ownership of railroads by financiers and financial institutions has undermined fundamental railroading. Instead, cost cutting, PSR and the emphasis on Operating Ratios govern railroad management by the big Class I railroads:
“Much of what I have learned about railroad strategy has come from railroad executives many of whom would prefer the railroads focus on growth and on time performance. It is apparent that over the last 6-7 years through ever increasing pressure from Wall Street - the owners of the railroads - (that) the railroads emphasis has not been on growth. Rather the emphasis has been on cutting in pursuit of the almighty OR (Operating Ratio) down to below 60%. In order to meet these startlingly low OR’s the railroads have cut their workforce by about 25%, depending on how one counts. Between 40,000 and 50,000 people who worked on railroads have lost their jobs in recent years.”
As an example, in July, the Union Pacific (UP) railroad reported that its 55.1% Operating Ratio had improved over the same period compared to 2020. It is believed that the Operating Ratio shows the efficiency of a company’s management by comparing the total operating expense (OPEX) of a company to net sales. The operating ratio shows how efficient a company’s management is at keeping costs low while generating revenue or sales. The smaller the ratio, the more efficient the company is at generating revenue versus total expenses.
Shippers Inability To Book Railcars
Shippers at U.S. West Coast ports have complained about their inability to book rail cars to transport containers to and from Midwest destinations and STB data shows that this is due to a railroad focus on a limited number of profitable routes, forcing shippers to transport more container loads by truck:
“The statistics show the dramatic impact of this kind of business strategy, leaving aside intermodal and coal, nearly 85% of all tons and carloads are carried between the top 20% of origins and destinations. Smaller but profitable destinations are being ignored or actively demarketed. As a result, that freight is on the highways contributing to global warming and highway deterioration.”
Oberman concluded by stating “It’s time for the railroads, shippers, workers and the public to realize that we’re all in this together. I hope the railroads and the shippers will figure out how to move more freight on the railroads and less on the highways. The railroads need to work with the shippers, the unions and the STB to provide the level of service they are capable of providing and paying less attention to the OR’s.
Especially with the significant bottlenecks being generated from the international shipping world, the railroads need to work with the international supply chain to use technology that exists today to maximize transparency and enable better on time performance.”
Oberman urged the audience at the North American Rail Shippers Association (NARS) convention to support the STB initiative on “whether to measure first and last mile service which is of central importance if railroads are to compete with trucks to improve our rail network and service.”
