The Enbridge Line 3 replacement pipeline, which delivers crude oil from Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada to Superior, Wisconsin, became fully operational on October 1, 2021, increasing the pipeline’s capacity to 760,000 barrels per day (b/d). Before the replacement, Enbridge Line 3 had a capacity of about half that amount. Because the Line 3 replacement project increases the capacity to import crude oil by pipeline from Canada, this pipeline could reduce the need to ship crude oil from Canada by other modes, especially rail.

Source: Map by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, using publicly available data
Source: Map by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, using publicly available data

U.S. crude oil imports from Canada have gradually increased over time and made up more than 60% of total U.S. crude oil imports in 2020. Most of this crude oil from Canada comes into the United States by pipeline. Importing crude oil from Canada by rail is often more expensive than by pipeline, but crude oil producers and shippers in Canada sometimes ship crude oil by rail because of its destination flexibility or because the pipeline capacity is insufficient to support all of the crude oil imports from Canada.

In late 2018 and early 2019, as much as 10% of Canada’s monthly crude oil exports to the United States arrived by rail. The portion of crude oil shipped by rail tends to increase when the price difference widens between crude oil in Canada and the United States.

Source: Graph by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Movements of Crude Oil by Rail and Monthly Imports Report
Source: Graph by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Movements of Crude Oil by Rail and Monthly Imports Report

Enbridge’s Line 3 replacement project could also lead to higher prices for the Western Canada Select (WCS) grade of crude oil that comes from Alberta relative to prices for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil priced at Cushing, Oklahoma. WCS sells at lower prices than WTI because of differences in crude oil quality and pipeline capacity constraints in Western Canada.

So far this year, WCS has been priced between $10 per barrel (b) and $18/b less than WTI. Although the price difference between these two crude oil types is affected by several factors, including refinery maintenance and crude oil inventory levels, the longer-term price difference could narrow because of the increased pipeline capacity.

Principal contributor: Jimmy Troderman