China has threatened severe economic retaliation against Japan if Tokyo further restricts sales and servicing of chipmaking equipment to Chinese firms, complicating US-led efforts to cut the world’s second-largest economy off from advanced technology.
Senior Chinese officials have repeatedly outlined that position in recent meetings with their Japanese counterparts, according to people familiar with the matter. One specific fear in Japan, Toyota Motor Corp. privately told officials in Tokyo, is that Beijing could react to new semiconductor controls by cutting Japan’s access to critical minerals that are essential for automotive production, the people said, declining to be named discussing private affairs.
The US has been pressuring Japan to impose additional restrictions on the ability of firms including Tokyo Electron to sell advanced chipmaking tools to China, part of a long-running campaign to curtail China’s semiconductor progress. With those talks, senior US officials have been working with their Japanese counterparts on a strategy to ensure adequate supplies of critical minerals, some of the people said, especially since China imposed restrictions on the exports of gallium, germanium and graphite last year.
The concern about Toyota has some historical precedent. In 2010, China temporarily suspended exports of rare earths to Japan after a clash in waters of the East China Sea claimed by both sides. The move shook Japan’s electronics sector and threatened to choke off global supplies of high-power magnets produced in Japan employing rare earths from China. Tokyo has since worked with mixed success to reduce its reliance on Chinese rare earth imports.
Shares of Japan’s chip-related companies fell after Bloomberg’s report of the China-Japan clash. Tokyo Electron shares fell as much as 1.9%, while Lasertec Corp. and Disco Corp. dropped as much as 2.8% and 3.3% respectively.
Some in Japan pushed back on the idea that the Tokyo government should fall into line with Washington’s latest geopolitical strategy.
“Japan shouldn’t tighten its export control just because the US is making such a request,” said Akira Minamikawa, an analyst with the research firm Omdia. “Japan should have its own philosophy, decide what’s best for the country and stand firm.”
The Biden administration is confident that they can assuage Tokyo’s concerns and reach an agreement with Japan by the end of this year, some of the people said.
But there are more aggressive options: Behind the scenes, the US has been wielding a power known as the foreign direct product rule, or FDPR. The rule allows Washington to control sales of products made anywhere in the world, provided they use even the smallest amount of American technology.
In the current talks, American officials so far have refrained from invoking that authority against Japan and other key allies, which see the rule as a draconian step. A senior administration official said the US would prefer to reach a diplomatic solution but would not rule out the use of FDPR.
The timing of any deal is complicated by the US presidential election in November and the planned resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida this month. But Kishida stepping down should not impact the negotiations for further curbs, the senior administration official said, because Tokyo has built consensus for the policy across its government.
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry didn’t have immediate comment when contacted by Bloomberg News. Tokyo Electron declined to comment. A Toyota spokesperson said the automaker is constantly considering optimal procurement strategies, not limited to mineral resources, to meet the needs of its customers.
The US Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security, which is in charge of export controls, declined to comment.
The Chinese Foreign Ministry said in a statement that it opposes efforts by any individual nation to politicize normal trade and lure other countries to join any technology blockade against China.
The US first unveiled sweeping chip export controls in October 2022 — focused on both equipment and cutting-edge processors — and Japan and the Netherlands later followed suit with their own, less restrictive measures. Washington has since then been trying to convince allies to fully align with the original US controls, particularly by limiting Dutch supplier ASML Holding NV and Tokyo Electron’s ability to repair restricted machines that are already in China — something US firms are barred from doing. The Hague is planning to impose some servicing restrictions, Bloomberg News has reported.
Now, the US is eyeing more American curbs on high-bandwidth memory chips — an essential AI component — and additional chipmaking tools, as well as measures targeting specific Chinese companies. That’s triggered a second, parallel set of negotiations with officials in Japan and the Netherlands, as Washington pressures both governments to match the potential new US measures, which currently have a carveout for allies. The Biden administration is under pressure from US industry — and some lawmakers in its own party — to secure an agreement with key allies before moving ahead with its own measures.
“We are deeply concerned about the harm being done to US companies and US leadership in semiconductor innovation by unilateral export controls with questionable national security benefits,” wrote Representative Zoe Lofgren and Senator Alex Padilla, both California Democrats, in an August 13 letter to senior Commerce Department officials. They are “even more troubled” by the possibility of another round of unilateral controls in the near term, they wrote.
ASML and Tokyo Electron have both posted large sales increases in China since the US imposed its rules. US firms including Applied Materials Inc., Lam Research Corp., and KLA Corp. have also continued to sell large amounts of gear to China, as businesses there stockpile less-advanced equipment in an effort to get ahead of potential new US restrictions. A senior Biden administration official downplayed the impact of stockpiling, saying it only pertains to less advanced machinery and that Beijing’s ability to innovate has been severely hampered by a lack of access to cutting-edge tools.
“I think this points to new restrictions from the US shortly,” said Andrew Jackson, head of Japan equity strategy at Ortus Advisors Pte., referring to the Japan-China standoff. “I am telling my clients to keep shorting names with high China sales weightings.”
US lawmakers urged the administration to use “all forms of leverage available” to secure allies’s cooperation. If necessary, they said, they would support tariffs on chipmaking tools from allied countries that directly compete with US firms for market share. US firms, similarly frustrated, had earlier suggested signaling to allies that their companies could face additional export licensing requirements if they continue to service customers in China that American firms are barred from working with.
South Korea’s trade minister, Cheong Inkyo, said the US should offer incentives and more flexibility to encourage allies to collaborate on China chip controls.
“For countries or companies trying to comply with the US in good faith, there should be some kind of carrots,” Cheong said in his first interview with media since he took office in January. “That would help US policy be embraced more easily.”
