Japan’s quiet push to protect its supply chains in the era of Covid-19 may prove a boon for Southeast Asian nations looking to gain from the growing backlash against China.
The Japanese government is paying about 12 billion yen ($114 million) to 30 companies to increase production in Southeast Asia, in the first round of a multi-billion dollar program to diversify supply chains after Covid-19 and worsening relations between the U.S. and China. Japan wants to cut its reliance on China or any other individual nation and the money will hasten the trend of firms moving out of China and into cheaper neighbors like Vietnam or Thailand.
“We’d been thinking about increasing our capacity in Vietnam before the subsidy was announced, and it fit right in,” said company President Shinya Nojima.
When the virus shut down Fujikin’s suppliers in China earlier this year, their customers became worried about shipments of parts. “Our customers were asking us: Is the China procurement happening? Are we going to be able to meet the deadline?” Nojima said Monday.
China Rethink
The coronavirus outbreak, and the lockdowns that followed, have forced businesses and government officials around the world to rethink their supply chains in order to reduce reliance on China as a manufacturing source.
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Japan had already been a key player in Southeast Asia, home to some of Asia’s fastest-expanding economies before the pandemic and a growing and youthful population. Japanese investment into five of the region’s economies—Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand—rose at nearly double the pace into China over the past decade.
Infrastructure development formed a big chunk of that investment, with Japanese firms vying with Chinese ones to build railways and hospitals in countries like Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam.
The U.S.-China trade war and worries about China’s growing dominance in Southeast Asia have fostered stronger economic ties between Japan and the region.
Japan is considered the most trusted major power among Southeast Asian nations, according to an annual survey by the Singapore-based ISEAS-Yusok Ishak Institute, released in January. Of the 1,308 people surveyed across five professional sectors, 61.2% said they had confidence Japan would “do theright thing” to provide public goods.
That trust goes both ways, with Japan putting a net $139 billion into Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines over the past decade.
“Even before coronavirus and the U.S.-China trade war struck, there was a shift away from production in China,” said Satoshi Kitajima, a deputy director at the Japan External Trade Organization.
Vietnam has emerged as the clear favorite for many manufacturers over the years, given its proximity to China, relatively low labor and power costs, and its openness to foreign investment. Kitajima, who had previously spent nine years in Vietnam facilitating business between the two countries, said there’s been a clear upward swing in Japanese direct investment into Vietnam since the global financial crisis more than a decade ago.
Vietnam’s Boom
Fujikin’s Nojima says Vietnam’s wages are a 10th of Japan’s and lower than in China, while Kitajima says many firms are now moving to Vietnam with their focus on the nation’s young and rapidly growing domestic market. Investors also credit Vietnam for its stable political leadership and ability to contain the coronavirus outbreak, although the nation has recently seen a spike in cases again.
Of the 30 firms that secured Japanese government subsidies to expand production abroad to protect their supply chains, half of them will be using that money in Vietnam.
One of them is Showa International Co., a Tokyo-based business, that’s been making clothes in Vietnam for 25 years. The pandemic has seen it ramp up production of medical gowns and masks, with Kazuo Nishizawa, head of the company, projecting it should be able to produce up to 150,000 gowns a month.
“There’s still a large shortage of gowns and masks,” he said. With demand surging across the world, “we have a mission to first be able to provide stable supplies to Japan,” he said.
In the first round of the new subsidy program, 57 companies shared 57.4 billion yen to boost output in Japan, and the 30 companies shared about 12 billion yen to increase output in other nations. That leaves around 174 billion yen that firms can apply for in the next round.
Indonesia Investment
Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s largest economy and the world’s fourth most-populous nation, is another country that’s benefited from a surge in Japanese investment, including in Jakarta’s first underground rail network. Indonesia announced in June that seven foreign companies will relocate their plants from China to Indonesia with a total investment value of $850 million. Three of them were from Japan, including electronics giant Panasonic Corp. and auto parts maker Denso Corp.
“FDI from Japan will remain high or even higher, especially because the second phase of the mass rapid transit construction project in Jakarta will soon begin,” said Yuliot, a deputy chairman at the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board, who goes by one name. Another reason is “the relocation trend of Japanese plants from China to Indonesia,” he said.
Within Japan, pressure is growing to secure supply chains.
“In the past supply chains were put together solely from the perspective of economic rationale,” Akira Amari, a confidante of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and a senior ruling party official, said in an interview last month. “Amid the coronavirus crisis, the thinking is shifting toward diversifying risk from the perspective of national economic security.”
