We expect distillate fuel oil consumption to increase in the fall as diesel-powered agricultural equipment is used to harvest and transport crops. The harvest tends to peak in mid-October and continue through November, when the start of the winter home heating season also supports distillate fuel oil demand. With early indications that the 2024 harvest will likely be on schedule or slightly ahead of schedule, we expect distillate demand to generally follow the five-year average in 2024.
What factors affect distillate fuel oil demand?
Most distillate fuel oil in the United States is consumed in the on-road transportation sector, which includes medium- and heavy-duty trucking. Large volumes of distillate fuel oil are also consumed in the commercial, industrial, and rail sectors. As a result, U.S. distillate fuel oil demand is strongly tied to economic conditions.
How do seasonal factors affect distillate fuel oil demand?
In the last five years (2019–23), U.S. consumption of distillate fuel oil has increased by an average of 4% between September and October, primarily because of agricultural harvest trends. Although planting and harvest seasons differ by crop, most of the agricultural harvest takes place between September and November, with October being the peak month. Most harvesting takes place during these months because this period is primarily when corn and soybeans are harvested. In 2024, among the principal crops included in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Acreage report, corn comprised nearly 30% of the United States’ planted acreage, and soybeans comprised more than 25%. Many other crops are also harvested in the fall.
Data source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service and Crop Progress Report
Note: The figure is an estimate based on data for crops included in the Crop Progress Report. These crops, including corn and soybeans, make up about 80% of harvested acreage in the United States.
U.S. consumption of distillate fuel oil typically decreases slightly in November as the agricultural harvest slows down. However, the start of winter heating demand partially offsets this effect and is one reason more distillate fuel oil is consumed in the United States in November than in September, despite similar harvest acreage in the two months. This November, we expect less-than-average U.S. consumption of distillate fuel oil in part because of expectations of a relatively warm November. Winter heating demand in the Northeast, a region that relies on heating oil to heat almost 20% of its homes, tends to remain strong through March and contributes to high distillate fuel oil demand in many of the winter months.
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, September 2024
Note: A degree day compares the mean (the average of the high and low) outdoor temperatures recorded for a location to a standard temperature, usually 65°F in the United States. For example, a day with a mean temperature of 40°F has 25 heating degree days. The Northeast region consists of New England and the Middle Atlantic.
Where are the effects of harvest-related distillate demand most relevant?
Because corn and soybean crops are mostly planted in the Midwest, the seasonal effects of agriculture on distillate demand are primarily concentrated in the Midwest. These effects are also easier to isolate in the Midwest because distillate fuel oil is not commonly used for home heating in the region.
With minimal demand for distillate as a heating fuel, Midwest distillate demand generally follows the harvest schedule. Midwest distillate fuel oil consumption regularly peaks in October, with September and November being the next top months.
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly
In anticipation of harvest season, Midwest distillate fuel oil inventories typically increase in the summer, peaking in mid-September before sharply falling until late-November, when the harvest is complete. Midwest distillate fuel oil inventories typically decrease about 25% during the fall harvest season.
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report
In 2024, Midwest distillate fuel oil inventories entered the fall harvest season slightly below average. A series of refinery outages in Chicago and Ohio reduced refinery utilization in July and August, limiting distillate fuel oil production in the Midwest. Those refineries resumed normal operations in mid-August, however, and Midwest distillate fuel oil inventories have risen close to average levels.
How is the 2024 harvest season progressing?
This year, a couple of early markers indicate that peak harvest could be slightly earlier than average in the United States. The corn and soybean crops are progressing slightly ahead of schedule, according to the USDA’s Crop Progress report. In addition, the ratio of soybean acreage to corn acreage is higher than in previous years, and soybeans have a slightly earlier harvest season than corn. An earlier harvest season could increase distillate fuel oil consumption in September and October and decrease it in November.
However, annual variations in harvest size and timing are typically not large enough to significantly disrupt the seasonal consumption trend. Initial data suggests the harvest will likely only occur slightly ahead of schedule, so we expect 2024 distillate fuel oil consumption to generally follow the pattern of previous years.
