b'8American Journal ofTransportation ajot.com(WRONGcontinued from page 6) higher output due to automation at the experiencesattwoautomatedcon- SanPedroBayportshasincreased, tainerterminalsontheWestCoastnotreduced,ILWUjobsandworkFrom Ship To Shorewheredockworkersarerepresentedopportunities, including training and bytheInternationalLongshoreandupskilling.Between2015,thelast Warehouse Union (ILWU). yearbeforethetransitiontoauto- To Rail To Warehouse,There,jobslosttoautomationmated operations, and 2021.have been replaced by new jobs. Paid ILWU hours at the two auto-A 2022 study, commissioned by thematedterminalsrose31.5%,moreWe Keep Your Pacific Maritime Association (PMA),than twice the 13.9% growth in paid noted: in 2008, the ILWU explicitlyhours at the non-automated terminals. acceptedautomationbyagreeingtoTheregisteredILWUworkforceCargo Movingallow fully mechanized and robotic- in Los Angeles and Long Beach grew operated marine terminals. 11.2%,comparedto8.4%forthe The report also noted: Two ter- other 27 West Coast ports. minals in Norfolk, Virginia, and oneThe report noted that: Automa-in New York are semi-automated; thetion brings measurable environmen-InternationalLongshoremensAsso- talandhealthbenefitsforworkers ciationopposesfullyautomatedter- andresidentsofneighboringcom-minals at East and Gulf Coast ports. munities.Autonomouselectricand Thereport,TerminalAutoma- hybrid-electric vehicles reduce emis-tion in Southern California: Implica- sions and make terminals more effi-tions for Growth, Jobs, and the Futurecient,cuttingturnaroundtimesfor Competitiveness of West Coast Portsdiesel-powered trucks.foundautomationenabledterminalsInaninterviewwithAJOT,co-at West Coast ports to remain compet- author Michael Nacht said automated itive, facilitating growth in both cargoterminals are enhancing competitive-andjobs,andreducinggreenhouseness at Los Angeles and Long Beach gas-emissions.and that automation is a global trend Thestudycomparedconditionsand the hallmark of the worlds most at two automated terminals - TraPacadvanced ports. When your cargo enters the New Orleans Terminal facility via vessel, truck, barge or rail, at the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach Container Terminal at the PortilWu sh istOry OFs uPPOrting it will be handled and transported quickly and cost-e\x1fectively. We provide stevedoring ofLongBeachwithconventionalP rOductivity and terminal operations, container marshalling, a container freight station, equipment, non-automated terminals.Nacht noted that the Internationalwarehousing, and an intermodal on dock rail. We will provide each and every customer ThereportwasauthoredbyDr.LongshoreandWarehouseUnion MichaelNacht,ProfessorofPublic(ILWU)had a history ofsupportingwith the consistent, professional and seamless service that they expect from a world Policy at the University of California,mechanizationandincreasedpro- class marine terminal facility.BerkeleyandformerAssistantSec- ductivity dating back to 1960. Then retary of Defense, and Larry Henry,theILWUandthePacificMaritime Founder of ContainerTrac, Inc. Association, representing West CoastNew Orleans Terminal, LLC Key findings were: employers,adoptedtheMechaniza- 50 Napoleon Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70115 WithphysicalgrowthlimitedattionandModernizationAgreement.504-648-6211www.notml.com thetwinportsofLosAngelesandTheso-calledM&MAgreementContainersBreakbulkGeneral Cargoes Long Beach, automation is enablingmeant that West Coast dock workers terminals to expand cargo throughputacceptedtherightofemployerstoStevedoringTerminal Operationsandcapacityontheirexistingfoot- introduce labor-saving technology. prints through densification:Nachtcitedtheleadershiprole Since 2019, automated terminalsofILWUfoundingPresidentHarry have processed containers fasteratBridgesinpersuadingILWUmem-times more than twice as fastas con- bers to accept the M&M agreement:isthesubjectofFacingModern- increasedcontainervolumesand ventional terminals.Bridgeswasveryfar-sightedinization:TheWestCoastLongshorewages at West Coast ports along with ThroughputofTwenty-Footanticipating the revolution in interna- Plan a book written by Lincoln Fair- some job reductions but not as great Equivalent Units (TEUs) per acre istional trade caused by the container.ley, Research Director for the ILWUas at East and Gulf Coast ports where 44%higherthaninnonautomatedThe Ports of Los Angeles, Longbetween19461967,andapartici- resistance to change was greater.terminals,thankstoautonomousBeach,Oakland,Portland,Seattle,pant in the M&M negotiations. In1960,containertonnagewas vehiclesandcranesthatstackcon- and Tacoma were major beneficiaries494,000 tons. By 1970, container ton-tainershigher,closertogether,andofthemovetocontainerizationandm&mby then umbers nage for the West Coast ports had risen moreefficientlyfortransferringtomechanization. In Facing Mechanization, Fair- to 8,743,415 tons. At the same time, trains and trucks.The 1960 ILWU-PMA Mechani- leydescribessomeofthestatisticaldayshiftearningsforILWUmem-Contrary to fears of job losses, thezation and Modernization Agreementgains following M&M that includedberswerereportedas$1.62higher than their longshore counterparts on the East and Gulf Coasts, represented by the International Longshoremens Association (ILA). In 1970, the gap between the ILWU and ILA had risen slightly to $1.72.The reduction of registered ILWU members went from 16,002 in 1960, to 14,381 in 1970.ThedeclineamongGulfand Atlantic Coast ILA longshore work-erswashigher:decliningfrom 27,998in1960to18,197in1970, according to Fairley.The result was that containeriza-tion was more readily adopted by the ILWU at West Coast ports than by the ILA at East and Gulf Coast ports. As trade with Asia grew, U.S. West Coast ports and dockworkers played a lead-ing role in processing Asian contain-erized cargoes. Today,thenationalportmarket share of U.S. West Coast ports is 43% of U.S. volumes. CargomaticcitedaDescartes analysisshowingthetopfiveWest Coastportsmarketshareincreased (WRONGcontinued on page 12)'